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Other vaccine preventable risks
The following vaccinations may be considered depending on your itinerary and planned activities. These can be discussed in more detail with one of our travel health consultants.
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Meningitis (ACWY)
Cholera
Tubeculosis
Yellow Fever *
* The Yellow Fever vaccination certificate may be required for travel to this country. Please click on the disease name above for more information.
Malaria risk
Risk of Malaria is present throughout the whole country all year round. Malaria tablets are strongly advised. This can be discussed in detail with one of our travel health consultants.
Non-vaccine preventable risks
- Travellers' Diarrhoea is usually caused by eating contaminated food or drinking unsafe water. Symptoms may be severe with frequent watery stools, thirst, dry mouth and tongue, headache and weakness. Water should always be treated when there is doubt about its cleanliness. Food that may be contaminated must be thoroughly cooked and hands washed prior to eating.
- HIV infection is spread through sexual intercourse or infected blood or blood products (eg. through blood transfusions or the use of contaminated instruments such as intravenous needles).
- Schistomiasis (Bilharzia) is spread through the fresh water snail. The larvae produced by the snails can swim and seek out human skin and find their way into the bladder and intestine. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, blood in urine and stools. Paddling or swimming in suspect fresh water lakes or slow running rivers should be avoided.
- Chikungunya fever is spread through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. Symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, severe joint pain &/or a generalised rash. Precautions must be taken to prevent mosquito bites, as there is no vaccine available against Chikungunya fever.
- Filariasis s is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms may include fever and skin inflammation. Precautions must be taken to prevent mosquito bites, as there is no vaccine available against Filariasis.
- Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is spread through the bite of a small black fly which breeds in fast flowing water. It can cause a skin rash with intense itching which usually occurring months or years later post exposure. Occasionally the eye can be affected. Camping near rivers should be avoided and precautions taken against bites.
- Trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans through the skin of infected reduviid bugs. The disease may have an acute but often asymptomatic phase, followed by chronic systemic symptoms. The risk to travellers is generally low, unless staying for prolonged periods in very rural and poor circumstances.
- Leptospirosis is spread through the faeces of infected rodents especially rats. It is unusual for travellers to be affected unless living in poor sanitary conditions.
- Tick Bites typhus is mainly prevalent in southern Africa and is spread by tick bites. Symptoms may include a fever & generalised rash.
- Leishmaniasis is spread through the bite of an infected sand fly. It can cause a slowly growing skin lump or ulcer and sometimes a serious life-threatening fever with anaemia and weight loss. Infected dogs are carriers of the infection. Sand fly bites should be avoided whenever possible.