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Other vaccine preventable risks
The following vaccinations may be considered depending on your itinerary and planned activities. These can be discussed in more detail with one of our travel health consultants.
Hepatitis B
Typhoid
Meningitis (ACWY)
Rabies
Japanese B Encephalitis
Tick borne encephalitis
Tuberculosis
Malaria risk
No risk of Malaria . Tablets not required.
Non-vaccine preventable risks
- Travellers' Diarrhoea is usually caused by eating contaminated food or drinking unsafe water. Symptoms may be severe with frequent watery stools, thirst, dry mouth and tongue, headache and weakness. Water should always be treated when there is doubt about its cleanliness food that may be contaminated must be thoroughly cooked and hands washed prior to eating.
- HIV infection is spread through sexual intercourse or infected blood or blood products (e.g. through blood transfusions or the use of blood contaminated instruments such as intravenous needles).
- Leptospirosis is spread through the faeces of infected rodents especially rats. It is unusual for travellers to be affected unless living in poor sanitary conditions.
- West Nile Fever is contracted through mosquito bites. It has become more widely recognised in recent years. Symptoms include fever, sensitivity to light, conjunctivitis, swelling of the lymph glands and rash. Especially during summer months, travellers should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites.
- Lyme Disease is transmitted to humans from infected ticks, with animals such as rodents, dogs, deers and birds being responisble for spreading the tick over wide areas. Symptoms after being bitten can include a rash, body aches and more rarely neurological ailments such as facial palsy and meningitis. The risk to travellers is highest in the temperate areas in North America including the east coastal states, Europe and Scandanavia. Avoidance of tick bites where possible is recommended.
- Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever is spread by infected ticks usually found in animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. It cause a fever, muscle aches and pains, weakness, sensitivity to light, irritability and a rash. It is more common during the summer months and among those working in the livestock industry eg farmers, agricultural workers, slaughterhouse workers and veterinarians. Risk is reduced by using insect repellents on the skin and clothing and covering the skin, ie long sleeves and long trousers with the bottoms tucked in boots.
- Giardiasis is spread through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include profuse diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. It is particularly common in the Baltic regions of Russia including St Petersburg.